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Calcium homeostasis and modulation of synaptic plasticity in the aged brain
SIN Sinomenine CNS Central nervous system ATP Adenosine triphosphate DAMPs Damage associated molecular patterns HMGB1 High-mobility group box 1 HSPs Heat shock proteins BBB Bloodbrain barrier NF-B Nuclear Factor kappa B AP-1 Activator Protein 1 TNF- Tumor necrosis factor- IL-1 Interleukin-1 COX2 Cyclooxygenase-2 MMP Matrix Metalloproteinases ZO-1 Zonula Occludens-1 MAPK Mitogen-activated protein kinase GFAP Glial fibrillary acidic protein NLRP 3 NOD-like receptor thermal protein domain associated protein 3 PAMP Pathogen-associated molecular pattern ROS Reactive oxygen species A Amyloid-beta RANKL Receptor activator of nuclear factor-B ligand NFATc1 Nuclear factor of activated T-cells cytoplasmic 1 BMPs Bone morphogenetic proteins TGF- Transforming growth factor- OBs Osteoblasts OCs Osteoclasts MDA Malondialdehyde SOD Superoxide dismutase GSH-PX Glutathione peroxidase PHD1 Prolyl hydroxylase domain-containing protein 1 NE Norepinephrine SNS Sympathetic nervous system NPY Neuropeptide Y CART Cocaine-amphetamine regulated transcript 5-HT Serotonin NPU Neuropeptide U PNS Parasympathetic nervous system Ach Acetylcholine nAChRs Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors VIP Vasoactive intestinal peptide CGRP Calcitonin gene-related peptide GABA -aminobutyric acid GHRP Growth hormone releasing peptide CRF Corticotropin-releasing factor AD Alzheimers disease GPCR G protein-coupled receptor ASR Acute stress response FGF23 Fibroblast growth factor 23 BDNF Brain-derived neurotrophic factor IGF-1 Insulin-like growth factor 1 GDF-15 Growth differentiation factor 15 Treg Regulatory T cell HO Hydrogen peroxide LPS Lipopolysaccharide FLS Fibroblast-like synoviocytes AIA Adjuvant-induced arthritis 7nAChR 7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor CAP Cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway Nrf2 Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 HO-1 Heme oxygenase-1 TLR4 Toll-like receptor 4 JAK2 Janus kinase 2 STAT3 Signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 ERK Extracellular signal-regulated kinase Egr-1 Early growth response 1 CRYAB Alpha B-crystallin Caspase-3 Cystein-aspartate protease Bcl-2 B-cell lymphoma-2 T-bet T-box transcription factor IFN- Interferon- GATA3 GATA-binding protein-3 Arg-1 Arginase-1 MyD88 Myeloid differentiation factor 88 Bax Bcl-2-associated X protein NAD(P)H Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide NQO-1 Quinone dehydrogenase-1 ALI Acute lung injury VCAM-1 Vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 PDGFR- Platelet-derived growth factor receptor- TrxR Thioredoxin reductase GDM Gestational diabetes mellitus SOX5 Sex-determining region Y-box protein 5 TRPV1 Transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 MCAO Middle cerebral artery occlusion BMSCs Bone mesenchymal stem cells CCH Chronic cerebral hypoperfusion PBNPs Prussian blue nanoparticles HA Hyaluronic acid SH Sinomenine hydrochloride PEG Polyethylene glycol Ald Alendronate Met Ethyl L-methionine GOQDs Graphene oxide quantum dots TBI Traumatic brain injury SIN-TSL Sinomenine hydrochloride thermosensitive liposomes CS Centrifugal stability SE SIN-loaded ethosome TFs Transfersomes MMPTs Mixed monoterpenes edge-activated PEGylated transfersomes DTFs Deoxycholate edge-activated transfersomes C ss Steady-state concentration CLSM Confocal laser scanning microscopy SHTs Sinomenine hydrochloride transfersomes SHLs SH liposomes AUC Area under the curve PVA Polyvinyl alcohol MT Maltose DM Dissolving microneedles PLGA Poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) SINH-L Sinomenine hydrochloride liposomes Glossary References 1
Tirzepatide has gained attention for microdosing protocols that use sub-standard doses to achieve moderate effects with minimal side effects
In this context, the integration of AI has introduced new opportunities for risk stratification and prognostic evaluation in AP, with the potential to increase the accuracy and timeliness of clinical assessments and to support more informed therapeutic decision-making
