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The brain is classified among the most generating organs for the reactive oxygen species (ROS), where 4% of the oxygen consumed by the mitochondria is converted into super oxide superoxide ion (O2), which possesses exceptionally high reactivity, particularly as a powerful oxidizing agent and an initiator of radical reactions

As a synthetic analog of its endogenous exendin-4, compared with exendin-4, LIXI deleted one proline and added six lysine residues, which increased its binding affinity with the GLP-1R by four times and increased its circulating half-life (58, 59)

This is the standard research-informed starting point